Allergic Rhinitis: A Review.

Importance: Allergic rhinitis affects an estimated 15% of the US population (approximately 50 million individuals) and is associated with the presence of asthma, eczema, chronic or recurrent sinusitis, cough, and both tension and migraine headaches. Observations: Allergic rhinitis occurs when disruption of the epithelial barrier allows allergens to penetrate the mucosal epithelium of nasal passages, inducing a T-helper type 2 inflammatory response and production of allergen-specific IgE. Allergic rhinitis typically presents with symptoms of nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, postnasal drainage, sneezing, and itching of the eyes, nose, and throat. In an international study, the most common symptoms of allergic rhinitis were rhinorrhea (90.38%) and nasal congestion (94.23%). Patients with nonallergic rhinitis present primarily with nasal congestion and postnasal drainage frequently associated with sinus pressure, ear plugging, muffled sounds and pain, and eustachian tube dysfunction that is less responsive to nasal corticosteroids. Patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis typically have physical examination findings of edematous and pale turbinates. Patients with perennial allergic rhinitis typically have erythematous and inflamed turbinates with serous secretions that appear similar to other forms of chronic rhinitis at physical examination. Patients with nonallergic rhinitis have negative test results for specific IgE aeroallergens. Intermittent allergic rhinitis is defined as symptoms occurring less than 4 consecutive days/week or less than 4 consecutive weeks/year. Persistent allergic rhinitis is defined as symptoms occurring more often than 4 consecutive days/week and for more than 4 consecutive weeks/year. Patients with allergic rhinitis should avoid inciting allergens. In addition, first-line treatment for mild intermittent or mild persistent allergic rhinitis may include a second-generation H1 antihistamine (eg, cetirizine, fexofenadine, desloratadine, loratadine) or an intranasal antihistamine (eg, azelastine, olopatadine), whereas patients with persistent moderate to severe allergic rhinitis should be treated initially with an intranasal corticosteroid (eg, fluticasone, triamcinolone, budesonide, mometasone) either alone or in combination with an intranasal antihistamine. In contrast, first-line therapy for patients with nonallergic rhinitis consists of an intranasal antihistamine as monotherapy or in combination with an intranasal corticosteroid. Conclusions and Relevance: Allergic rhinitis is associated with symptoms of nasal congestion, sneezing, and itching of the eyes, nose, and throat. Patients with allergic rhinitis should be instructed to avoid inciting allergens. Therapies include second-generation H1 antihistamines (eg, cetirizine, fexofenadine, desloratadine, loratadine), intranasal antihistamines (eg, azelastine, olopatadine), and intranasal corticosteroids (eg, fluticasone, triamcinolone, budesonide, mometasone) and should be selected based on the severity and frequency of symptoms and patient preference.

Comparison of the effect of topical triamcinolone 0.1% cream with sulfur 2.0% cream in the treatment of patients with hand eczema: A randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Hand eczema (HE) is a common and heterogeneous condition. It has a wide range of etiologies and clinical manifestations. In this study the efficacy of triamcinolone 0.1% cream and sulfur 2% creams was compared in treating patients with HE. METHODS: This randomized, triple-blind clinical trial was performed on 70 patients with HE (including 70 right and 70 left hands). In this study, two creams were used including triamcinolone 0.1% and sulfur 2.0%. Patients were treated with these creams twice a day (once in every 12 h) for 4 weeks. Follow-up was 4 weeks after treatment. Hand Eczema Severity Index (HECSI), itching, dryness, burning sensation, and erythema scores were collected three times during the study and compared between treatment regimens. RESULTS: Findings showed that both triamcinolone (0.1%) and sulfur (2.0%) creams could significantly reduce the scores of HECSI, itching, dryness, burning sensation, and erythema, and the therapeutic effects lasted for at least 4 weeks after cessation of topical treatment. CONCLUSION: Topical sulfur cream (2.0%) is as effective as triamcinolone (0.1%) cream in treatment of HE without any prominent adverse reactions.

Periocular methotrexate versus periocular triamcinolone injections for active thyroid-associated orbitopathy: a randomized clinical trial.

PURPOSE: To assess the efficacy and safety of periocular injections of methotrexate versus triamcinolone in the management of active thyroid-associated orbitopathy. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, double-masked, randomized clinical trial. METHODS: Participants with bilateral active, moderate-to-severe thyroid-associated orbitopathy were randomly assigned to receive three periocular injections of 7.5 mg methotrexate in one orbit and three periocular injections of 20 mg triamcinolone in the contralateral orbit. RESULTS: Among the enrolled 25 patients, 18 patients completed the study. A statistically significant reduction of the mean clinical activity score was detected in both arms (from 5.2 ± 0.89 at baseline to 0.9 ± 1.7 at study endpoint, p-value < 0.001 in the methotrexate arm, and from 5.1 ± 0.9 at baseline to 1 ± 1.7 at study endpoint, p-value < 0.001 in the triamcinolone arm), mean proptosis also decreased in both arms (from 25.2 ± 3.4 mm at baseline to 23.8 ± 3.7 mm at study endpoint, p-value = 0.01 in the methotrexate arm, and from 24.2 ± 3.06 mm at baseline to 23.2 ± 3.3 mm at study endpoint, p-value = 0.049 in the triamcinolone arm). Lid aperture and soft tissue signs improved significantly in both arms in comparison to baseline. A statistically significant reduction in the intraocular pressure was observed in the methotrexate arm but not in the triamcinolone arm. 88.9% of patients in both arms were overall responders at 6 months. There was no significant difference in mean CAS, proptosis, lid aperture or rate of responders between the two arms at any visit. Both drugs were found to be safe with minimal local and systemic complications. CONCLUSION: Periocular injections of methotrexate represent an effective and safe alternative option for the management of active, moderate-to-severe thyroid-associated orbitopathy. Although no serious complications occurred during the 6-month follow-up, the possibility of late complications such as orbital fat atrophy cannot be ruled out.

Polyurethane Tubing to Minimize Pain During Nail Injections.

Nail matrix and nail bed injections are painful and can cause considerable patient anxiety. Because most patients receive injections in both hands, some methods to decrease periprocedural anxiety, such as squeezing a stress ball, cannot be utilized. Clenching a length of polyurethane tubing with the teeth during nail injections is a safe and cost-effective strategy that may decrease anxiety and increase the likelihood that patients will return for follow-up injections, thereby leading to better clinical outcomes.

Hipo persistente: una rara complicación de una inyección epidural transforaminal de corticoides / Persistent hiccup: a rare complication of a transforaminal epidural corticoid injection / Soluços persistentes: uma complicação rara da injeção peridural transforaminal de corticosteroide

Se describe el caso de un paciente que instaló un hipo persistente luego de recibir una inyección epidural transforaminal lumbar de corticoides. Se destaca que es una complicación raramente reportada y por ende poco conocida por quienes practican intervencionismo en dolor. Se discuten los posibles mecanismos por los que puede presentarse, se reseña la evolución observada, y se describe el tratamiento instituido. Se señala el impacto que el hipo puede tener sobre la calidad de vida.

The case of a patient who installed a persistent hiccup after receiving a lumbar transforaminal epidural injection of corticosteroids is described. It is highlighted that it is a rarely reported complication and little known by those who practice interventional pain medicine. Possible mechanisms by which it may occur are discussed, the evolution observed and the treatment instituted are reviewed. The impact that hiccups can have on quality of life is pointed out.

Descrevemos o caso de um paciente que desenvolveu soluços persistentes após receber uma injeção peridural transforaminal lombar de corticosteróides. Ressalta-se que é uma complicação pouco relatada e, portanto, pouco conhecida por quem pratica o intervencionismo na dor. Discutem-se os possíveis mecanismos pelos quais pode ocorrer, revisa-se a evolução observada e descreve-se o tratamento instituído. O impacto que os soluços podem ter na qualidade de vida é apontado.

Diabetic macular edema: Safe and effective treatment with intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide (Taioftal).

PURPOSE: To suggest the safety and efficacy of preservative-free triamcinolone acetonide intravitreal injectable suspension (Taioftal) for the treatment of diabetic macular edema. METHODS: A prospective clinical study involved 49 patients (49 eyes), that were treated with Taioftal and followed-up for six months. Complete ophthalmic examination, including spectral domain optical coherence tomography, was performed at baseline, and at month 1, 3, 6 after the intravitreal injection. Accurate collection and analysis of best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central foveal thickness (CFT), intraocular pressure (IOP), and adverse events (AEs) were carried out in order to evaluate visual function and macular morphology before and after treatment. RESULTS: Median BCVA value chosen as comparing statistics was significantly improved at every follow-up time points (gain of 6 letters at month 1, 12 at month 3 -improvement up to 24% at month 3 with stabilization until month 6) compared to baseline, as certified by Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test (P<0.05). Median CFT significantly waned at each follow-up times (decrease of about 65 µm at month 1, 155 at month 3 -reduction up to 28% at month 3 keeping good outcome until month 6) compared to baseline (P<0.05). IOP elevation, with no severe increases, was the most common among spotted AEs (median of 23 mmHg at month 1, 20 at month 3). CONCLUSION: Intravitreal injection of preservative-free triamcinolone (Taioftal) is an effective, safe and inexpensive drug used to improve visual acuity and reduce central foveal thickness in eyes affected by diabetic macular edema during an average time of 6 months. Temporary, never severe, elevation of IOP is totally manageable with topical medications. No serious vision-threatening complications are related to the use of intravitreal triamcinolone injections.

Comparison of the efficiency of systemic therapy and intralesional steroid administration in the treatment of idiopathic granulomatous Mastitis. The novel treatment for Granulomatous Mastitis.

BACKGROUND: Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis that has not had a clear consensus about its treatment since the day it was identified as a rare, benign inflammatory breast disease that mimics malignancy due to its appearance features. AIMS: In our research, we intended to compare the efficiency of intralesional and systemic steroids administration in the treatment of idiopathic granulomatous mastitis. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective randomized controlled study. METHODS: A total of 36 female patients who had been histopathologically diagnosed with idiopathic granulomatous mastitis and whose other factors had been microbiologically excluded were included in the study. The patients were randomized into two sub-groups that would be treated with systemic and intralesional steroids. All patients were evaluated through physical examination one week after the completion of the treatment. Subsequently, the follow-up of the patients was performed thorough physical examination and ultrasonography and/or magnetic resonance imaging at the 1st, 3rd, and 6th months. RESULTS: All patients adapted to treatment. Complete clinical regression occurred in 32 patients, while 30 of 36 patients responded to treatment both radiologically and clinically. A total of 4 patients had minor side effects. It was determined that there was no statistically significant difference between local and systemic steroid groups in terms of complete clinical regression, responded to treatment side effects, and recurrence rates. CONCLUSION: Intralesional steroid administration was also considered just as a successful treatment method as the systemic steroid administration. KEY WORDS: Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis, Intralesional steroid, Systemic steroid.

Possible effects of agent orange and posttraumatic stress disorder on hyperglycemia in Korean veterans from the US-Vietnam war.

ABSTRACT: This study was conducted to examine whether Korean veterans from the US-Vietnam War who had a diagnosis of type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) as well as past history of exposure to agent orange (AO) are vulnerable to hyperglycemia when receiving intra-articular corticosteroid injection (IACI) for pain relief.The current study included a total of 49 patients (n = 49) who received an injection of triamcinolone 20 or 40 mg to the shoulder under sonographic guidance or did that of dexamethasone 10 mg or triamcinolone 40 mg combined with dexamethasone 20 mg to the spine under fluoroscopic guidance. Their 7-day fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels were measured and then averaged, serving as baseline levels. This is followed by measurement of FBG levels for 14 days of IACI. Respective measurements were compared with baseline levels. The patients were also evaluated for whether there are increases in FBG levels depending on insulin therapy as well as HbA1c ≥ 7% or HbA1c < 7%.Overall, there were significant increases in FBG levels by 64.7 ±â€Š42.5 mg/dL at 1 day of IACI from baseline (P < .05). HbA1c ≥ 7% and HbA1c < 7% showed increases in FBG levels by 106.1 ±â€Š49.0 mg/dL and 46.5 ±â€Š3.8 mg/dL, respectively, at 1 day of IACI from baseline (P < .05). In the presence and absence of insulin therapy, there were significant increases in them by 122.6 ±â€Š48.7 mg/dL and 48.0 ±â€Š20.4 mg/dL, respectively, at 1 day of IACI from baseline (P < .05). But there were decreases in them to baseline levels at 2 days of IACI.Clinicians should consider the possibility of hyperglycemia when using corticosteroids for relief of musculoskeletal pain in Korean veterans from the US-Vietnam War who had a history of exposure to AO.

Circumcision versus preputioplasty for balanitis xerotica obliterans: a randomised controlled feasibility trial.

OBJECTIVES: To determine: (i) feasibility for a randomised controlled trial (RCT) comparing circumcision to preputioplasty and intralesional triamcinolone (PIT) to treat balanitis xerotica obliterans (BXO) and (ii) patient outcomes to inform future study design. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Approval was obtained from the UK Health Research Authority and local Research Ethics Committee (Reference 16/NW/0364) and the trial protocol registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02854995). A total of 20 boys (aged 2-16 years) with BXO were randomised to either circumcision or PIT (online parallel group 1:1 allocation, non-blinded). Exclusion criteria were: (i) previous penile surgery and (ii) contraindication for either treatment. Follow-up (including satisfaction questionnaire) was at 6 weeks, 3 and 12 months. Data are presented as median (interquartile range [IQR]), continuous variables were compared by t-test. RESULTS: A total of 54 boys were approached over 18 months: 23 (45%) were recruited and randomised. The commonest reason for non-entry was treatment preference: 12 preferred circumcision, 18 preferred PIT. Four patients withdrew after randomisation, three did not want circumcision and one did not want PIT. The groups were similar in terms of age (median [IQR] 11 [6-12] vs 8 [7-10] years, P = 0.53) and duration of symptoms (median [IQR] 6 [6-15] vs 6 [2-24] months, P = 0.77). There were no protocol breaches, serious adverse events or postoperative meatal stenosis. There was one self-resolving haematoma after PIT and one suture granuloma after circumcision. Two boys went on to have a circumcision after PIT. Overall, satisfaction levels were high for both groups. CONCLUSION: A definitive RCT of circumcision vs PIT for BXO appears feasible, with 39% of those approached completing the trial. More families preferred PIT. A robust comparison in the form of a multicentred RCT is required.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for trigger finger.

BACKGROUND: Trigger finger is a common hand condition that occurs when movement of a finger flexor tendon through the first annular (A1) pulley is impaired by degeneration, inflammation, and swelling. This causes pain and restricted movement of the affected finger. Non-surgical treatment options include activity modification, oral and topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), splinting, and local injections with anti-inflammatory drugs. OBJECTIVES: To review the benefits and harms of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) versus placebo, glucocorticoids, or different NSAIDs administered by the same route for trigger finger. SEARCH METHODS: We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure), ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, www.ClinicalTrials.gov, and the WHO trials portal until 30 September 2020. We applied no language or publication status restrictions. SELECTION CRITERIA: We searched for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-randomised trials of adult participants with trigger finger that compared NSAIDs administered topically, orally, or by injection versus placebo, glucocorticoid, or different NSAIDs administered by the same route. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two or more review authors independently screened the reports, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias and GRADE certainty of evidence. The seven major outcomes were resolution of trigger finger symptoms, persistent moderate or severe symptoms, recurrence of symptoms, total active range of finger motion, residual pain, patient satisfaction, and adverse events. Treatment effects were reported as risk ratios (RRs) and mean differences (MDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). MAIN RESULTS: Two RCTs conducted in an outpatient hospital setting were included (231 adult participants, mean age 58.6 years, 60% female, 95% to 100% moderate to severe disease). Both studies compared a single injection of a non-selective NSAID (12.5 mg diclofenac or 15.0 mg ketorolac) given at lower than normal doses with a single injection of a glucocorticoid (triamcinolone 20 mg or 5 mg), with maximum follow-up duration of 12 weeks or 24 weeks. In both studies, we detected risk of attrition and performance bias. One study also had risk of selection bias. The effects of treatment were sensitive to assumptions about missing outcomes. All seven outcomes were reported in one study, and five in the other. NSAID injection may offer little to no benefit over glucocorticoid injection, based on low- to very low-certainty evidence from two trials. Evidence was downgraded for bias and imprecision. There may be little to no difference between groups in resolution of symptoms at 12 to 24 weeks (34% with NSAIDs, 41% with glucocorticoids; absolute effect 7% lower, 95% confidence interval (CI) 16% lower to 5% higher; 2 studies, 231 participants; RR 0.83, 95% CI 0.62 to 1.11; low-certainty evidence). The rate of persistent moderate to severe symptoms may be higher at 12 to 24 weeks in the NSAIDs group (28%) compared to the glucocorticoid group (14%) (absolute effect 14% higher, 95% CI 2% to 33% higher; 2 studies, 231 participants; RR 2.03, 95% CI 1.19 to 3.46; low-certainty evidence). We are uncertain whether NSAIDs result in fewer recurrences at 12 to 24 weeks (1%) compared to glucocorticoid (21%) (absolute effect 20% lower, 95% CI 21% to 13% lower; 2 studies, 231 participants; RR 0.07, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.38; very low-certainty evidence). There may be little to no difference between groups in mean total active motion at 24 weeks (235 degrees with NSAIDs, 240 degrees with glucocorticoid) (absolute effect 5% lower, 95% CI 34.54% lower to 24.54% higher; 1 study, 99 participants; MD -5.00, 95% CI -34.54 to 24.54; low-certainty evidence). There may be little to no difference between groups in residual pain at 12 to 24 weeks (20% with NSAIDs, 24% with glucocorticoid) (absolute effect 4% lower, 95% CI 11% lower to 7% higher; 2 studies, 231 participants; RR 0.84, 95% CI 0.54 to 1.31; low-certainty evidence). There may be little to no difference between groups in participant-reported treatment success at 24 weeks (64% with NSAIDs, 68% with glucocorticoid) (absolute effect 4% lower, 95% CI 18% lower to 15% higher; 1 study, 121 participants; RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.74 to 1.23; low-certainty evidence). We are uncertain whether NSAID injection has an effect on adverse events at 12 to 24 weeks (1% with NSAIDs, 1% with glucocorticoid) (absolute effect 0% difference, 95% CI 2% lower to 3% higher; 2 studies, 231 participants; RR 2.00, 95% CI 0.19 to 21.42; very low-certainty evidence). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: For adults with trigger finger, by 24 weeks' follow-up, results from two trials show that compared to glucocorticoid injection, NSAID injection offered little to no benefit in the treatment of trigger finger. Specifically, there was no difference in resolution, symptoms, recurrence, total active motion, residual pain, participant-reported treatment success, or adverse events.

Drug delivery in cochlear implantation.

Intra-cochlear fibrous tissue formation around the electrode following cochlear implantation affects the electrode impedance as well as electrode explantation during reimplantation surgeries. Applying corticosteroids in cochlear implantation is one way of minimizing the intra-cochlear fibrous tissue formation around the electrode. It were J. Kiefer, C. von Ilberg, and W. Gstöttner who proposed the first idea on drug delivery application in cochlear implantation to MED-EL in the year 2000. During the twenty years of translational research efforts at MED-EL in collaboration with several clinics and research institutions from across the world, preclinical safety and efficacy of corticosteroids were performed leading to the final formulation of the electrode design. In parallel to the drug eluting CI electrode development, MED-EL also invested research efforts into developing tools enabling delivery of pharmaceutical agents of surgeon's choice inside the cochlea. The inner ear catheter designed to administer drug substances into the cochlea was CE marked in 2020. A feasibility study in human subjects with MED-EL CI featuring dexamethasone-eluting electrode array started in June 2020. This article covers the milestones of translational research towards the drug delivery in CI application that took place in association with MED-EL.

Efficacy and safety of suprachoroidal triamcinolone injection in horses with poorly responsive equine recurrent uveitis.

OBJECTIVE: Equine recurrent uveitis (ERU), a chronic, immune-mediated intraocular inflammatory disease, is a common cause of blindness in horses. The severity and recurrent nature of ERU makes it difficult to treat with current therapeutics leading to a poor visual prognosis. The suprachoroidal space (SCS), a potential space between the choroid and sclera surrounding the ocular posterior segment, offers a promising alternative site for drug application to the eye. Corticosteroid administration within this space is hypothesized to be safe and effective at controlling intraocular inflammation, especially in horses with poorly responsive ERU. ANIMAL STUDIED: Horses with active, poorly responsive ERU. PROCEDURE(S): A retrospective study was performed with 29 horses (36 total eyes) that received SCS injection of triamcinolone acetonide (TA) with ERU not well controlled with standard uveitis treatment. A standardized ocular inflammation score (OIS) was used to assess inflammation at the time of injection and at follow-ups. RESULTS: Standardized OIS revealed a significant decrease in ocular inflammation over time after SCS TA administration (p < .004). Adverse effects after injections occurred in <20% of the horses at follow-up, but some of these effects were attributed to chronic inflammation prior to effective treatment, long-term topical corticosteroid use, or complications from hospitalization rather than the SCS injections. Most horses (86.7%) in this study remained visual greater than 3 months after SCS injection. CONCLUSIONS: Based on these results, SCS TA injections appear to be a safe and possible effective treatment modality for managing poorly responsive ERU; further clinical study is warranted.

Difference in the efficacy of intravitreal dexamethasone implant before and after silicone oil removal: A case report.

RATIONALE: An intravitreal dexamethasone (IV-DEX) implant is safe and effective for the treatment of macular edemas; however, the efficacy of IV-DEX implants in silicone oil (SO)-filled eyes remains controversial. There is no previous study comparing an IV-DEX implant in the same eye with and without intravitreal SO. PATIENT CONCERNS: A 72-year-old man with proliferative diabetic retinopathy, macular edema, and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, treated with pars plana vitrectomy with SO tamponade had refractory macular edema. DIAGNOSIS: Refractory macular edema. INTERVENTION: Subtenon triamcinolone injection, intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor injection, and IV-DEX implantation were performed; this was followed by intravitreal SO removal combined with IV-DEX implantation. OUTCOMES: The macular edema did not decrease significantly with posterior subtenon triamcinolone injection, intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor injection, and IV-DEX implantation; however, the edema was relieved after SO removal and a new IV-DEX implantation. LESSONS: IV-DEX implant may be less efficacious in the treatment of macular edema in an SO-filled eye than that in a normal vitreous cavity.

Hyoid Bone Syndrome and Dysphonia: Can Throat Pain Affect the Voice?

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: To investigate the relationship of throat pain and dysphonia. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. METHODS: Forty-five subjects presenting with hyoid bone syndrome (HBS) and dysphonia were asked to rate their pain on a numerical rating scale and complete the 10-item Voice-Related Quality of Life (V-RQOL) questionnaire prior to and at 1-week follow-up after treatment with triamcinolone injection into the attachments to the affected greater cornu(s). Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were applied to evaluate if the overall V-RQOL scores, the physical functioning (PF) and social-emotional (SE) domain scores, and pain scores changed significantly after treatment. To evaluate how change in perceived pain affected V-RQOL, the differences in the V-RQOL, PF, and SE domain scores, and in pain scores were calculated for each subject. Three linear models were fit to the response variables, ΔV-RQOL, ΔPF, and ΔSE, using ΔPain as a predicting variable. RESULTS: V-RQOL, PF, and SE domain scores, and pain scores all improved significantly with treatment. A bigger decrease in the pain score led to a bigger increase in V-RQOL and domain scores, with slopes varying between -1.1 and -1.4. The PF domain scores showed the greatest improvement with decrease in pain scores. CONCLUSIONS: Effective treatment of HBS led to improvement in patients' voice complaints, suggesting that throat pain may have a direct effect on voice. This may be related to compensatory perilaryngeal adjustments patients make when speaking with a "guarding" effect when they have throat pain. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV (Cohort study) Laryngoscope, 131:E2303-E2308, 2021.

Current Protocol for Aesthetic Scar Management in Thyroid Surgery.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: We compared the scar quality when different protocols were applied, and eventually aim to find the optimal scar management protocol. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a prospective, randomized, and blinded comparison of different scar management protocols in a single center. METHODS: We allocated 126 patients who underwent thyroidectomy via collar neck incision randomly into three groups. Patients in group A were treated with tissue adhesive only. Patients in group B were treated by means of subcuticular suturing and early scar management with a non-ablative fractional laser (NAFL) and intralesional triamcinolone injection (ILI). Patients in group C had skin closure with tissue adhesive and early scar management. At 6 months after the operation, the Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale (POSAS) and the width of the final scar were compared. RESULTS: Comparing the sum of PSAS, groups B and C showed significant higher satisfaction than did group A (22.81 ± 11.66 in group A, 10.9 ± 5.14 in group B, and 15.19 ± 9.98 in group C). In the sum of OSAS, group B also showed a significant difference than did groups A and C (17.74 ± 6.75 in group A, 10.26 ± 3.60 in group B, and 14.52 ± 6.48 in group C). Also, group B showed a narrower scar width than did groups A and C. CONCLUSIONS: Our finding suggests that subcuticular suturing using barbed suture material and early treatment with a combination therapy using NAFL and ILI showed a favorable aesthetic outcome for both patients and operators. Based on our algorithmic approach for thyroidectomy scar, we anticipate an optimal aesthetic outcome. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II Laryngoscope, 131:E2188-E2195, 2021.

Local Triamcinolone Treatment Affects Inflammatory Response in Seroma Exudate of Abdominoplasty Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: As the leading complication of abdominoplasty, seroma formation might represent an inflammatory process in response to surgical trauma. This prospective randomized trial investigated whether local administration of the antiinflammatory agent triamcinolone could prevent seroma accumulation. METHODS: Weekly and cumulative seroma volumes were compared between the study groups A, B, and C over a 4-week follow-up (group A, with drain, without triamcinolone; group B, without drain, without triamcinolone; group C, without drain, with triamcinolone). Aspirated seroma samples were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for selective inflammatory mediators. RESULTS: Triamcinolone significantly reduced cumulative seroma volume (n = 60; mA 845 ± SDA 578 ml, mC 236 ± SDC 381 ml, p = 0.001). The most accentuated suppressive effect of triamcinolone was observed shortly after the treatment (week 1) (mA1 616 ± SDA1 457 ml, mB1 153 ± SDB1 161 ml, mC1 22 ± SDC1 44 ml, pA1/C1 < 0.001, pB1/C1 = 0.014). Local triamcinolone administration resulted in a differential concentration of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9 (week 1) in seroma exudate as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (mIL-6A1 1239 ± SDA1 59 pg/ml, mIL-6C1 848 ± SDC1 80 pg/ml, p < 0.001; mMMP-9A1 2343 ± SDA1 484 pg/ml, mMMP-9C1 376 ± SDC1 120 pg/ml, p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Local administration of 80 mg of triamcinolone reduced postabdominoplasty seroma accumulation significantly. Under triamcinolone treatment, suppressed levels of IL-6 and MMP-9 in seroma fluid were observed. Notably, inflammatory marker suppression correlated clinically with a decrease in seroma accumulation. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic, II.

Office-Based Intralesional Steroid Injection for Treatment of Laryngeal Sarcoidosis.

OBJECTIVES: To report preliminary outcomes of a case series of in-office intralesional steroid injections for treatment of laryngeal sarcoidosis. METHODS: After diagnosis of laryngeal sarcoidosis, 3 patients were offered in-office steroid injections for primary or adjunctive treatment. Triamcinolone 40 was injected into supraglottic sarcoidosis lesions in the office using a channel laryngoscope. Response to treatment and need for further injections was determined based on patient symptoms and repeat flexible laryngoscopy. RESULTS: In-office intralesional steroid injections provided rapid symptom relief within days that lasted for months, thus decreasing the frequency of operative interventions. For one of the patients in this series, these injections even eliminated the need for tracheostomy. No complications were observed. CONCLUSIONS: In-office intralesional steroid injection is an emerging adjunctive treatment for laryngeal sarcoidosis. Prospective studies are required to determine efficacy and long-term risk profiles in relation to the current standard of operative management and systemic treatments.